An image sensor for the two-dimensional (2-D) synchronous detection of temporal properties of modulated optical wave fields is presented. Each pixel of this multitap lock-in CCD is capable of acquiring all optical data for the extraction of modulation amplitude, relative phase, background level, and higher order Fourier coefficients. By employing the pixels' offset subtraction stages, a dynamic range of >100 dB was obtained experimentally.
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Spirig et al. (1997) studied this question.