Barium swarm: An ionospheric alternating current generator in CRIT I

A model is developed for the motion of a low‐β cloud of plasma which starts with uniform velocity V i across the magnetic field through a larger ambient plasma. The model cloud is a circular cylinder of length L , with the axis aligned with the magnetic field. The density limit above which the cloud is self‐polarized to E P = − V i × B is determined. At lower cloud densities the internal electric field is tilted at an angle between antiparallel to the injection direction V i and the self‐polarization direction E P = −V i × B and becomes close to antiparallel to V i for thin clouds. The ions in thin clouds perform a collective gyration with decreasing amplitude, which a stationary observer will see as an oscillation involving electric, magnetic, and density perturbations with a frequency close to the ion gyro frequency. The currents perpendicular to B inside the cloud are a combination of electron Hall current, ion current, and plasma displacement current. They combine as magnetic‐field‐aligned currents which are drawn from the ambient ionosphere by a divergence in the perpendicular electric field. These field‐aligned currents give a perturbation of the magnetic field which is related to the electric field perturbation by Δ E /Δ B ≈ V A . The low‐density version of the model is applied to an oscillation observed by a subpayload in the ionospheric rocket experiment CRIT I, which had a frequency close to the barium gyrofrequency, electric field fluctuations of amplitude 10 mV/m, density fluctuations with Δ n/n ≈ 0.2, and a time duration of 1 s. All four features can be reproduced by the model, using a density and an injection velocity consistent with other independent observations from CRIT I. In CRIT I the magnetic oscillations were not measured at the subpayload, and the relation Δ E /Δ B ≈ V A could not be tested. However, it has been confirmed for similar oscillations observed in the earlier Porcupine release experiment.