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The larvae of Costelytra zealandica have cribriform spiracles with a smooth spiracular plate pierced by aeropyles measuring about 5×0.2 μm. The contact angle of water on the sclerotised cuticle of the spiracular plate is sufficiently high to prevent the aeropyles from filling with water even under the wettest conditions. The spiracles have no closing apparatus, but this has little effect on transpiration rate.
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R. A. Galbreath (1976) studied this question.
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