Electromagnetic vector PSO technique for combined economic and emission dispatch

The growing need for environmentally sustainable and cost-effective energy management strategies has accelerated the development of advanced optimization methods tailored for modern power systems.Among the critical challenges, the combined economic and emission dispatch (CEED) problem [1] stands out due to its dual objective-minimizing both fuel cost and pollutant emissions.However, CEED is characterized by its nonlinear, non-convex, and multimodal nature, which renders conventional optimization techniques inadequate in achieving optimal or near-optimal solutions.To overcome these complexities, researchers have adopted nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms such as differential evolution (DE) [2], evolutionary programming (EP) [3], genetic algorithms (GA) [4], and Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) [5].