deprived areas with other areas. The second 3 was a review article that supported its comments about deprivation by referencing a leader rather than a research paper -I didn't pursue that line of enquiry. And the third 4 was a cross-sectional study that didn't seem to report change over time.
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David Hannay (2011) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched one closely related paper. Consider it for comparative context: