SMEC: A card-based participatory design tool for seamless multimodal experience innovation in connected and autonomous vehicles

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The diversity of multimodal interfaces and contextual complexity of designing multimodal interfaces call for novel participatory design approaches to facilitate co-creation between designers and stakeholders. This paper presents the SME design Cards (SMEC), a card-based participatory design tool developed for Seamless Multimodal Experience (SME) design in automobiles. We outline the tool’s background and development process, followed by presenting the evaluation results from both end-users and design experts. We then report on refinements to the SMEC and apply it in a hybrid workshop. We present insights into developing the card and discuss its effect in supporting SME design ideation and evaluation, informing the design of card-based participatory design tools.