Immune-related sarcoidosis observed in combination ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors show remarkable antitumor activity across multiple tumor types, with approval of programmed death–1 (PD-1) inhibitors for non–small cell lung cancer and melanoma. A recent clinical trial found median progression-free survival of 11.5 months for combined nivolumab plus ipilimumab therapy for metastatic melanoma compared with 6.9 months (nivolumab alone) or 2.9 months (ipilimumab alone).1 Nivolumab, a fully human IgG4 PD-1 antagonist antibody, and ipilimumab, a fully human IgG1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antagonist antibody, act by relieving suppression of antitumor T cells.