Cricopharyngeal function or dysfunction: what's the deal?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of the review is to examine current research focused on upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) and cricopharyngeus muscle function, and how better understanding UES physiology will translate to improved management. RECENT FINDINGS: Although much is known about UES function, new information describing the dynamics of the UES and cricopharyngeus is being identified through manometry, combined fluoromanometry, and anatomic study. Response of the UES to injury, reflux, and surgical interventions is reported. Direct surgical treatment of cricopharyngeus noncompliance with or without diverticuli continues to show benefit and long-term results support a sustained improvement in three-quarters of patients. SUMMARY: UES and cricopharyngeus function is complex and dynamic. It is affected by internal signals such as posture and constitution of refluxate, aging, and interventions particularly radiation and surgery. Clear understanding of the triggers and responses of the UES will enable clinicians to choose the correct therapy for their dysphagic patients.