School effects on the development of motivation toward learning tasks and the development of academic self-concept in secondary education: a multivariate latent growth curve approach

The main objective of the present study is to gain more insight into the school effects on the development of 2 noncognitive student outcomes, namely, the motivation toward learning tasks and the academic self-concept, and, more specifically, on the consistency of the school effects on these 2 outcomes. Data were drawn from the “Longitudinaal Onderzoek Secundair Onderwijs” (LOSO)-project and consisted of 2,687 students in 50 schools that were tested repeatedly at 4 different time points during secondary education (Grades 7–12). A multivariate multilevel latent growth curve model was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the school effects on the development of the noncognitive outcomes were considerable, and, more importantly, the school effects were larger on growth than on student status. Schools that were effective for the development of the motivation toward learning tasks also proved to be effective for the development of academic self-concept. However, the consistency of the school effects resulted largely from intake differences between schools.