Non-classical monocytes promote neurovascular repair in cerebral small vessel disease associated with microinfarctions via CX3CR1

Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) constitutes a major risk factor for dementia. Monocytes play important roles in cerebrovascular disorders. Herein, we aimed to investigate the contribution of non-classical C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor (CX3CR)1 monocytes to cSVD pathobiology and therapy. To this end, we generated chimeric mice in which CX3CR1 in non-classical monocytes was either functional (CX3CR1 GFP/+ ) or dysfunctional (CX3CR1 GFP/GFP ). cSVD was induced in mice via the micro-occlusion of cerebral arterioles, and novel immunomodulatory approaches targeting CX3CR1 monocyte production were used. Our findings demonstrate that CX3CR1 GFP/+ monocytes transiently infiltrated the ipsilateral hippocampus and were recruited to the microinfarcts 7 days after cSVD, inversely associated with neuronal degeneration and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Dysfunctional CX3CR1 GFP/GFP monocytes failed to infiltrate the injured hippocampus and were associated with exacerbated microinfarctions and accelerated cognitive decline, accompanied with an impaired microvascular structure. Pharmacological stimulation of CX3CR1 GFP/+ monocyte generation attenuated neuronal loss and improved cognitive functions by promoting microvascular function and preserving cerebral blood flow (CBF). These changes were associated with elevated levels of pro-angiogenic factors and matrix stabilizers in the blood circulation. The results indicate that non-classical CX3CR1 monocytes promote neurovascular repair after cSVD and constitute a promising target for the development of new therapies.