Comparison between different strategies to reduce pain on intravenous injection of rocuronium

The possibility was investigated that specific opioid receptor types might selectively alter the production of isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations. Intracisternal injections of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor agonists were administered to isolated 10-day-old rat pups. The mu receptor agonist [D-Ala2-NMe-Phe4-Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) and delta receptor agonist [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin (DPDPE) both reduced the rate of isolation-induced ultrasonic calling in the absence of sedation. The kappa receptor agonist U50,488 had the opposite effect, significantly raising the rate of vocalization. Fourteen-day-old pups, with a larger delta receptor population, showed a greater sensitivity to DPDPE than was seen in the younger animals.