The AlphaStation 600 5-series workstation is a high-performance, uniprocessor design based on the Alpha 21164 microprocessor and on the PCI bus. Six CMOS ASICs provide high-bandwidth, low-latency interconnects between the CPU, the main memory, and the I/O subsystem. The verification effort used directed, pseudorandom testing on a VERILOG software model. A hardware-based verification technique provided a test throughput that resulted in a significant improvement over software tests. This technique currently involves the use of graphics cards to emulate generic DMA devices. A PCI hardware demon is under development to further enhance the capability of the hardware-based verification.
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Zurawski et al. (1995) studied this question.