Tunnel construction safety is influenced by complex factors such as geological conditions and environmental uncertainties. To enable comprehensive monitoring and improve construction safety, this study proposes a multi-dimensional monitoring system spanning space-air-ground-underground (SAGU) domains. The multi-dimensional monitoring technologies encompassed by the SAGU system are summarized based on their key technical features, research methods, and development status, with particular emphasis on our contributions and innovations. An intelligent monitoring system based on the cloud-edge-terminal architecture, together with the corresponding GPR-AI Master platform, is proposed to manage diverse monitoring technologies and enable the analysis and dynamic feedback of multi-source and multi-fidelity monitoring data. This study not only introduces innovations in the application system but also analyzes the development, characteristics, and current status of these technologies.
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Li et al. (2026) studied this question.
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