It turns out that one can characterize inner automorphisms without mentioning either conjugation or specific elements. We prove the following Theorem Let G be a group and let α be an automorphism of G. The automorphism α is an inner automorphism of G if and only if α has the property that whenever G is embedded in a group H, then α extends to some automorphism of H.
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Paul E. Schupp (1987) studied this question.