This study empirically explores the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis within a tourism structure using a multivariate framework. The study examines the importance of tourist arrivals on CO 2 emissions, using GDP per capita, energy utilization, trade openness, urbanization, and industrial value‐added and physical capital formation as major control variables, for a panel of 95 countries based on annual data from 1995 to 2014. This study is the first of its kind which examines the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in a tourism framework based on diverse income groups, using second‐order panel estimation method.
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Sudeshna Ghosh (2020) studied this question.
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