The Lower Boundary of the Holocene

A decision appears imminent to define the lower boundary of the Holocene formally in terms of the European sequence, as comprising all or part of the interval between the end of the Bølling Interstade and the end of the Younger Dryas Stade ( ca. 12,100–10,350 14 C years BP). However, a lower boundary in this position can define the base of a European provincial stage only (the Flandrian). The interval contains no boundary suitable for global use, because temperature trends in many parts of the north polar and north temperate regions, including Europe, were then distorted by vast masses of melting ice inherited from Full-Glacial times. The last unquestionably worldwide major climatic event before the Hypsithermal Interval was the sharp cooling that has been inferred from glacier advances culminating about 14,500–14,000 14 C years BP, and consequently the horizon at the transition from cooling to warming at the end of this episode should be defined as the base of the Holocene.