Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsRussell SkibaRussell Skiba, PhD, received his doctorate from the University of Minnesota in 1987. He is currently Assistant Professor of Counseling and Educational Psychology at Indiana University. His research interests include assessment, definition, and program improvement for students with emotional and behavioral disorders.Kenneth GrizzleKen Grizzle, MA, is a doctoral candidate in School Psychology and Coordinator of the Institute for Child Study Clinic at Indiana University. His research interests include grade retention, and policy issues in special education.
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Skiba et al. (1992) studied this question.
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