Near real-time topological adaptation in looped water distribution networks: enhancing resilience and water quality

Urbanization, climate change, and aging infrastructure present critical challenges for water distribution networks (WDNs). To address the dual objectives of resilience and water quality in WDNs, this work explores the potential of real-time topological adaptation in WDNs to combine the benefits of both looped and branched networks. Leveraging remote-controlled valves, the proposed methodology dynamically reconfigures looped networks into branched topologies, combining the benefits of both configurations. Applied to the EPANET Net3 benchmark model, this approach reduced water age from 33.6 h to as low as 8.6 h in critical sections, significantly improving water quality while maintaining serviceability. Critical link analysis (CLA) identified optimal pipe closures, revealing that only 7 out of 117 pipes were pivotal for quality enhancement. This study also introduces an operational planning tool for WDN operators, which can be further enhanced with emerging technologies like digital twins, to advance adaptability and performance. The findings offer a practical framework for improving WDN resilience and water quality, addressing infrastructure challenges effectively.