Financial management information systems, treasury single accounts, and expenditure budget credibility: a moderation-effect approach

IMPACTFinancial management information systems (FMIS) alone cannot ensure a credible expenditure budget and may even increase budgetary deviations if they are not effectively integrated with treasury single account (TSA) operations. The authors recommend that for countries expanding digital public financial management (PFM) infrastructure, reforms should prioritize FMIS–TSA integration and consolidated cash management, rather than standalone automation of budget execution. Stronger government effectiveness and e-participation further reinforce budget credibility.