▪ Abstract Some applications of the study of outdoor acoustics and sets of data for sound-level spectra obtained close to the ground are described. Measurements and models of ground effects arising from the interaction between sound traveling directly from source to receiver and sound reflected from the ground are emphasized. Details are given concerning the influences of porosity, layering, small-scale surface roughness, and tall vegetation. Areas of related current and future research are outlined.
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Keith Attenborough (2002) studied this question.
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