The most intense electric fields during ionospheric heating occur a fraction of a kilometer below the classical reflection point. At this location, the nonlinear evolution of Langmuir waves is studied within the context of the modified Zakharov equations. It is found that the modulational instability (oscillating two‐stream instability) is more important than the three‐wave parametric decay instability, leading to the rapid formation of solitons.
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Payne et al. (1984) studied this question.
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