Acute arterial stiffness responses to on-ball balance exercises in young and middle-aged adults: Role of posture and cumulative effects

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Study protocols for exercise, recovery, and measurements in three trials in young adults: non-exercise control trial (CON), on-ball balance exercise in kneeling posture and sitting posture for 1 × 5 min (K1 and S1, respectively). Time points of measurements were baseline (BL), immediately (0 min), 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, and 40 min after exercise.

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  FIGURE 2. Study protocols for exercise, recovery, and measurements in five trials in middle-aged adults: non-exercise control trial (CON), 1 × 5 min and 2 × 5 min on-ball balance exercises in kneeling posture (K1 and K2, respectively) and in sitting posture (S1 and S2, respectively). Time points of measurements were baseline (BL), immediately (0 min), 10 min, and 20 min after exercise.

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  FIGURE 3. On-ball balance exercise in kneeling and sitting posture. K: on-ball balance exercise in kneeling posture; S: on-ball balance exercise in sitting posture. K and S were equal to exercise II⑥ and I④, respectively, in Figure 1 from Ikebe et al. (2022a).

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  FIGURE 4. Mean (±SD) time-dependent ⊿CAVI changes undergoing CON, K1, and S1 trials in young adults. Statistical analysis was performed using two-factor (treatment and time) ANOVA with repeated measures with Bonferroni post-tests. Data are mean ± SD, n = 22. * p < 0.05: 0 min vs. BL in K1 and S1 trial. $ p < 0.05: K1 and S1 vs. CON at 0 min. CAVI, Cardio-ankle vascular index; BL, baseline; CON, control; K1: on-ball balance exercise in kneeling posture for 5 min, S1: on-ball balance exercise in sitting posture for 5 min.

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  FIGURE 5. Mean (±SD) time-dependent ⊿CAVI changes undergoing CON, K1, K2, S1 and S2 trials in middle-aged adults. Statistical analysis was performed using two-factor (treatment and time) ANOVA with repeated measures with Bonferroni post-tests. Data are means ± SD, n = 19. ** p < 0.01, 0 min vs. BL in K1 trial, 10 min vs. BL in K2 trial. * p < 0.05, 0 min vs. BL in S2 trial, $ p < 0.05, K1 vs. CON at 0 min. CAVI, Cardio-ankle vascular index; BL, baseline; CON, control; K1: on-ball balance exercise in kneeling posture for 5 min, S1: on-ball balance exercise in sitting posture for 5 min, K2: on-ball balance exercise in kneeling posture for 2 × 5 min, with 2 min rest in between, S2: on-ball balance exercise in kneeling posture for 2 × 5 min, with 2 min rest in between.