Hemodynamics in chronic pain: A pathway to multi-modal health risks

Figures

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  Fig 1. Estimated time effects on stroke volume (SV) curves during the clino- and ortho-static challenges. The effects are averaged for the fibromyalgia (FM, bold line) and control (CT, thin line) groups, with approximate 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) and effective degrees of freedom or curve ’actual’ turning points (edf) (A). Time windows showing significant between-group differences (FM-CT) are indicated by the position of SV values with simultaneous 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) either above or below the zero line, without crossing it, and depicted as horizontal bold-line projections on the Time (X) axis, bounded by vertical dashed lines, corresponding to relevant points along the SV difference curves, both before (B) and after (C) adjustment for covariates (height and age).

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  Fig 2. Estimated time effects on heart rate (HR) curves during the clino- and ortho-static challenges. The effects are averaged for the fibromyalgia (FM, bold line) and control (CT, thin line) groups, with approximate 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) and effective degrees of freedom or curve ’actual’ turning points (edf) identified after adaptive smoothing to detect fast (A) or slow (B) fluctuations. Time windows showing significant between-group differences (FM-CT) are indicated by the position of HR values with simultaneous 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) either above or below the zero line, without crossing it, and depicted as horizontal bold-line projections on the Time (X) axis, bounded by vertical dashed lines, corresponding to relevant points along the HR difference curves for both fast (C) and slow (D) fluctuations.

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  Fig 3. Estimated time effects on cardiac output (CO) curves during the clino- and ortho-static challenges. The effects are averaged for the fibromyalgia (FM, bold line) and control (CT, thin line) groups, with approximate 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) and effective degrees of freedom or curve ’actual’ turning points (edf) (A). Time windows showing significant between-group differences (FM-CT) are indicated by the position of CO values with simultaneous 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) either above or below the zero line, without crossing it, and depicted as horizontal bold-line projections on the Time (X) axis, bounded by vertical dashed lines, corresponding to relevant points along the CO difference curves, both before (B) and after (C) adjustment for covariates (height and age).

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  Fig 4. Estimated time effects on pre-ejection period (PEP) curves during the clino- and ortho-static challenges. The effects are averaged for the fibromyalgia (FM, bold line) and control (CT, thin line) groups, with approximate 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) and effective degrees of freedom or curve ’actual’ turning points (edf) (A). Time windows showing significant between-group differences (FM-CT) are indicated by the position of PEP values with simultaneous 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) either above or below the zero line, without crossing it, and depicted as horizontal bold-line projections on the Time (X) axis, bounded by vertical dashed lines, corresponding to relevant points along the PEP difference curves (B).

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  Fig 5. Estimated time effects on systemic vascular resistance (SVR) curves during the clino- and ortho-static challenges. The effects are averaged for the fibromyalgia (FM, bold line) and control (CT, thin line) groups, with approximate 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) and effective degrees of freedom or curve ’actual’ turning points (edf) (A). Time windows showing significant between-group differences (FM-CT) are indicated by the position of SVR values with simultaneous 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) either above or below the zero line, without crossing it, and depicted as horizontal bold-line projections on the Time (X) axis, bounded by vertical dashed lines, corresponding to relevant points along the SVR difference curves, both before (B) and after (C) adjustment for a covariate (height).

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  Fig 6. Estimated time effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP) curves during the clino- and ortho-static challenges. The effects are averaged for the fibromyalgia (FM, bold line) and control (CT, thin line) groups, with approximate 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) and effective degrees of freedom or curve ’actual’ turning points (edf) (A). Time windows showing significant between-group differences (FM-CT) are indicated by the position of SBP values with simultaneous 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) either above or below the zero line, without crossing it, and depicted as horizontal bold-line projections on the Time (X) axis, bounded by vertical dashed lines, corresponding to relevant points along the SBP difference curves, both before (B) and after (C) adjustment for a covariate (body mass index).

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  Fig 7. Estimated time effects on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) curves during the clino- and ortho-static challenges. The effects are averaged for the fibromyalgia (FM, bold line) and control (CT, thin line) groups, with approximate 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) and effective degrees of freedom or curve ’actual’ turning points (edf) (A). Time windows showing significant between-group differences (FM-CT) are indicated by the position of DBP values with simultaneous 95% confidence intervals (gray shading around the curves) either above or below the zero line, without crossing it, and depicted as horizontal bold-line projections on the Time (X) axis, bounded by vertical dashed lines, corresponding to relevant points along the DBP difference curves, both before (B) and after (C) adjustment for a covariate (body mass index).