Role of endoscopic ultrasound in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding management

Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) is one of the challenging situations in clinical practice. Despite that gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer are still the main causes of acute NVUGIB, there are other causes of bleeding which might not always be detected through the standard endoscopic evaluation. Standard endoscopic management of UGIB consists of injection, thermal coagulation, hemoclips, and combination therapy. However, these methods are not always successful for rebleeding prevention. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has been used recently for portal hypertension management, especially in managing acute variceal bleeding. EUS has been considered a better tool to visualize the bleeding vessel in gastroesophageal variceal bleeding. There have been studies looking at the role of EUS for managing NVUGIB; however, most of them are case reports. Therefore, it is important to review back to see the evolution and innovation of endoscopic treatment for NVUGIB and the role of EUS for possibility to replace the standard endoscopic haemostasis management in daily practice.