The ever-increasing spatial dimension of commuting sheds suggests that the natUre of the economic impact of new job creation on the local community is changing. From a community perspective, an increasing number of any new jobs created are taken by in-commuters as opposed to in-migrants. To gain insight into the nature of this change, we simulate the impact of different levels of in-commuting versus in-migration on local retail markets.
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Shields et al. (1998) studied this question.