Architectural engineering of conducting polymer-supported nanocomposites for nonenzymatic electrochemical sensing: a review

Although enzyme-driven electrochemical sensors deliver high selectivity, their limited stability and short operational lifetimes under field conditions have driven the development of nonenzymatic alternatives. In these nonenzymatic systems, recognition is shifted to engineered electrode interfaces where conducting polymers (CPs) provide redox-active charge transport, though they are often hindered by overoxidation and adhesion loss. This review analyzes CP-supported nanocomposites developed between 2020 and 2026, linking material architecture to the operational constraints that govern field deployment. We synthesize these findings into three design heuristics: (1) in situ , binder-free fabrication to lock morphology and reduce contact resistance; (2) chemically protective polymer networks to suppress oxidation, Vroman-type biofouling, and mechanically induced dewetting; and (3) interface-level selectivity filters, such as molecular imprinting, to decouple sensitivity from matrix effects.