Fusion Safety Regulation: Analysis of Approaches Suggested Worldwide and Their Applicability in Russia

This article considers approaches to fusion safety regulation accepted or suggested worldwide. Substantial differences in approaches used in individual countries are demonstrated. Mild regulatory regimes may be considered an advantage in a “fusion race”, especially if private investment is involved. At the same time, substantial uncertainties remain that hinder safety justification for fusion facilities. Failure to adequately address these uncertainties may have adverse implications for fusion development worldwide. A number of approaches currently suggested internationally may be recommended for implementation into Russian regulatory practices, including: gradual licensing of fusion facility with license conditions limiting allowed facility parameters at each stage, wider use of graded approach and consideration of a broader range of safety justification methods.