Inuit knowledge of Atlantic walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus ) ecology in Hudson Strait, Nunavik

Arctic marine ecosystems are undergoing rapid environmental shifts, creating a need to understand how key species respond to changing sea-ice and habitat conditions. The Atlantic walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758); aiviq in Inuktitut) is a culturally and nutritionally important species for Inuit communities in Nunavik, northern Québec. Because walrus distribution and behavior are closely linked to sea-ice and benthic habitats, we expected Inuit Knowledge to reveal recent ecological changes in Hudson Strait. We conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with experienced hunters in five Inuit communities (Akulivik, Ivujivik, Salluit, Kangiqsujuaq, and Quaqtaq) to document observations related to walrus abundance, migration, haul-out sites, behavior, and changes linked to climate and sea-ice conditions. Participants reported a perceived increase in walrus presence around communities, associated with reduced sea-ice cover and shifts in migration routes. A decline in the number of walruses hunted annually was also noted, attributed to changing lifestyles and decreased reliance on subsistence harvesting. Respondents described changes in haul-out sites, feeding behavior, and walrus interactions with other species. Many linked these changes to earlier sea-ice breakup, warmer waters, and altered marine conditions. This study provides novel insights into Atlantic walrus ecology and offers a community-based perspective on environmental change in Hudson Strait.