Josephson arrays containing 2000 and 20 160 Nb/Al2O3/Nb tunnel junctions produce stable quantized voltage steps up to 1.5 and 14.5 V, respectively, with current amplitudes on the order of 100 μA. In precision measurements these voltage steps proved to be stable for typically 30 min. Fabricating the voltage standards with the help of the Nb/Al2O3/Nb technology results in a long durability.
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Pöpel et al. (1990) studied this question.
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