Muslim geographers and scholars have made a significant contribution to the evolution and development of the science of geography from the earliest times. This article describes some of these contributions, including the pioneering explorations of early Muslim travellers, then moves on to consider the influence of Islamic ideology on the thinking of Muslim geographers during the medieval period in particular. The fundamentals of this ideology are described to give a context for understanding the perspective adopted by Muslim geographers, in particular in their explanations of regional differences, and the relationship between the Earth and planets.
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Ahmad et al. (2004) studied this question.