We analyze the effects of attendance early childhood education and care (ECEC) on on-track grade progression during the first years of primary schooling. We use a subsidized expansion of the ECEC program as a natural experiment to establish a causal relationship. The results show that students in municipalities that applied for subsidies have a lower probability of grade repetition. These effects are particularly pronounced for boys and children with a migration background.
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Schnorf et al. (2026) studied this question.
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