Various Obesity Indices and Arterial Function Evaluated with CAVI – Is Waist Circumference Adequate to Define Metabolic Syndrome?

Figures

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  Figure 1. Relationship between adjusted cardio-ankle vascular index and BMI in (A) male and (B) female subjects. 23,257 Japanese urban residents (median age 47 years) who participated in a public health screening program. CAVI was adjusted by age, SBP, and HDL-C. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. A significant linear trend [F = 53.732, p < 0.001 in (A) and F = 61.386, p < 0.001 in (B)] calculated using ANOVA was observed for the whole BMI distribution. Reproduced from Nagayama D, Imamura H, Sato Y, et al. Inverse relationship of cardio-ankle vascular index with BMI in healthy Japanese subjects: a cross-sectional study. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2016;13:1–9.27

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  Figure 2. Comparison of metabolic disorder severity and adjusted CAVI stratified by tertiles of each adiposity index. 62,514 Japanese urban residents (median age 42 years) who participated in a public health screening program. Relationship of adjusted CAVI with tertiles of (A) BMI, (B) WC and (C) ABSI. CAVI was adjusted by gender, age, and SBP. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. *p < 0.001, ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni method. Data from Nagayama D, Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi T, et al.2

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  Figure 3. Comparison of age-adjusted CAVI in MetS (+) vs MetS (-) diagnosed by various MetS criteria using WC or ABSI. MetS was diagnosed by (A) Japanese, (B) IDF and (C) NCEP-ATPIII criteria using WC, and also diagnosed by (D) Japanese, (E) IDF and (F) NCEP-ATPIII criteria using ABSI instead of WC. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by One way analysis of covariance with the covariate set to age followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison tests. Adapted from Nagayama D, Fujishiro K, Tsuda S, et al. Enhanced prediction of renal function decline by replacing waist circumference with “A Body Shape Index (ABSI)” in diagnosing metabolic syndrome: a retrospective cohort study in Japan. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(3):564–573.5

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  Figure 4. Relationships of CAVI and MetS based on the combination of visceral obesity or visceral fat obesity and different two cutoffs ABSI obesity in all participants, male subjects, and female subjects. 10,182 middle-aged untreated Japanese workers (mean age 46.2 years) who underwent periodic health check-ups. Among subjects with MetS based on visceral obesity (A and C) or visceral fat obesity (B and D), those with MetS who had ABSI ≥0.078 (A and B) or ABSI ≥ 0.080 (C and D) had significantly higher CAVI than those who did not, in all participants, male subjects, and female subjects. *p < 0.0001, †p < 0.001, #p < 0.01 vs subjects without MetS based on ABSI obesity in each subgroup. Visceral obesity was defined as waist circumference (WC) ≥85 cm for men and ≥ 90 cm for women, and visceral fat obesity as visceral fat area (VFA) ≥100 cm2. MetS was defined as the presence of obesity according to either obesity index and two or more of the following three criteria: (1) triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL and/or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 40 mg/dL; (2) systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg; and (3) fasting blood glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL. Reprinted from…

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  Figure 5. Comparison of changes in CAVI by incidence of WC-MetS or ABSI-MetS over 1 year. Change in CAVI over 1 year by incidence of (A) WC-MetS or (B) ABSI-MetS. Japanese urban residents (median age 48 years at baseline) who participated in a public health screening program. Data are presented as mean ± standard error; p values were calculated using Mann–Whitney U-test. In Japanese criteria, WC-MetS is defined as the presence of at least two of the following three abnormalities: [1] TG ≥ 150 mg/dl (1.69 mmol/l) and/or HDL-C < 40 mg/dl (1.03 mmol/l); [2] SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg; [3] FPG ≥ 110 mg/dl (6.11 mmol/l), in the presence of high WC (≥85 cm in men, and ≥ 90 cm in women). Treatments for dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes were counted as positive for the respective abnormalities. ABSI-MetS is defined by replacing high WC with high ABSI (≥ 0.080, both sexes) as the criterion of visceral obesity. Data from Nagayama D, Fujishiro K, Tsuda S, et al.5

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  Figure 6. Kaplan-Meier curves for the rate of renal function decline in MetS (+) and MetS (–) diagnosed by various MetS criteria using WC or ABSI. 5438 Japanese urban residents (median age 48 years at baseline) who participated in a public health screening program. MetS was diagnosed by (A) Japanese, (B) IDF and (C) NCEP-ATPIII criteria using WC, and also diagnosed by (D) Japanese, (E) IDF and (F). NCEP-ATPIII criteria using ABSI instead of WC. Reproduced from Nagayama D, Fujishiro K, Tsuda S, et al. Enhanced prediction of renal function decline by replacing waist circumference with “A Body Shape Index (ABSI)” in diagnosing metabolic syndrome: a retrospective cohort study in Japan. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(3):564–573.5