Evaluation of respiratory- and postural-induced changes on the ballistocardiogram signal by time warping averaging

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential changes in the ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal induced by different respiratory patterns and posture, by using the dynamic time warping (DTW) technique. APPROACH: BCG signals were recorded in a group of 20 healthy volunteers, simultaneously with an electrocardiogram (ECG). Two recordings, one in a supine (SUP) and one in a standing (ST) position, including spontaneous breathing, two 1 min apneas (at full and empty-lungs, respectively) and 30 s of Valsalva, were analyzed. A warped averaged waveform was computed for each phase, from which amplitude and temporal parameters were extracted to characterize each condition. MAIN RESULTS: Variations were found in both amplitude and duration of BCG-derived parameters among manoeuvres, especially when compared to spontaneous breathing, suggesting a complex interaction between intra-thoracic pressure changes acting on venous return, together with the autonomic nervous system modulation on heart rate. The effect of a hydrostatic pressure gradient elicited by postural conditions was also evident. SIGNIFICANCE: Posture and respiratory manoeuvres affect the BCG signal in different ways, probably as a result of changes induced in preload and afterload. This supports the need to define separate normality ranges for each posture and/or breathing conditions, as well as the importance of applying specific manoeuvres to highlight any pathological response in the computed BCG parameters.