Pressure drop due to fluid friction has been measured in a smooth tube; in six smooth concentric annuli; and between smooth, parallel, flat plates. The data cover the viscous, transition, and lower turbulent ranges of flow. Friction factors are in agreement with theory in the viscous range and can be correlated uniquely in the fully turbulent range by means of a modified hydraulic radius concept. Limits of the transition region in annuli are functions of the ration of inner and outer radii. Correlations in the fully turbulent range permit friction factors for the noncircular ducts to be predicted within the uncertainty of smooth‐tube data. Such factors can be used for the prpose of correlating other variables as well as for direct calculation of pressure drop.
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Walker et al. (1957) studied this question.
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