Combined Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and market-based optimal power flow (OPF) considering different combinations of wind generation and load demand over a year are used to evaluate wind turbines (WTs) integration into distribution systems. MCS is used to model the uncertainties related to the stochastic variations of wind power generation and load demand while the social welfare is maximized by means of market-based OPF with inter-temporal constraints. The proposed probabilistic methodology allows evaluating the amount of wind power that can be injected into the grid as well as the impact of wind power penetration on the social welfare and on distribution-locational marginal prices. Market-based OPF is solved by using step-controlled primal dual interior point method considering network constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed probabilistic method in assessing the impact of wind generation penetration in terms of both technical and economic effects is demonstrated with an 84-bus 11.4-kV radial distribution system.
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Siano et al. (2013) studied this question.
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