RUBLE, DIANE N., and NAKAMURA, CHARLES Y. Outerdirectedness as a Problem-solving Approach in Relation to Developmental Level and Selected Task Variables. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 519-528. This study examined variables related to problem-solving approaches of young children, using the theoretical framework provided by Zigler and his collaborators in their work on outerdirectedness. 4 aspects of outerdirectedness were examined: developmental trends, different types of reinforcement, task difficulty, and pride in accomplishment. It was found that outerdirectedness: (1) decreased with age, (2) increased when the task was described as difficult, and (3) was associated with pride ratings of children. In regard to types of reinforcement, it was found that effectiveness of intrinsic reinforcement increased with age.
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Ruble et al. (1973) studied this question.