On the use of chi-square analyses in studies of resource utilization

Chi-square (χ 2 ) tests are analytic procedures that are often used to test the hypothesis that animals use a particular food item or habitat in proportion to its availability. Unfortunately, several sources of error are common to the use of χ 2 analysis in studies of resource utilization. Both the goodness-of-fit and homogeneity tests have been incorrectly used interchangeably when resource availabilities are estimated or known apriori. An empirical comparison of the two methods demonstrates that the χ 2 test of homogeneity may generate results contrary to the χ 2 goodness-of-fit test. Failure to recognize the conservative nature of the χ 2 homogeneity test, when "expected" values are known apriori, may lead to erroneous conclusions owing to the increased possibility of committing a type II error. Conversely, proper use of the goodness-of-fit method is predicated on the availability of accurate maps of resource abundance, or on estimates of resource availability based on very large sample sizes. Where resource availabilities have been estimated from small sample sizes, the use of the χ 2 goodness-of-fit test may lead to type I errors beyond the nominal level of α. Both tests require adherence to specific critical assumptions that often have been violated, and accordingly, these assumptions are reviewed here. Alternatives to the Pearson χ 2 statistic are also discussed.