Maoberry (Antidesma bunius) ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiac tissues of rats fed a high-fat diet

Fig. 1. Total phenolic content (a), total flavonoid content (b), malondialdehyde level (c) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) level (d) in the cardiac tissue. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 12. ND: standard diet, HF: high fat diet, ML, MM, MH: high fat diet with Mao Luangcrude extract 0.38 or 0.76 or 1.52 g/kg, respectively, STAT: high fat diet with simvastatin 10 mg/kg.*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 represent significant differences when compared with the ND group. #p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 represent significant differences when compared with the HF group

Fig. 2. Light microscopic images of H&E-stained transverse-sections of cardiac tissues of rats after 12 weeks of Maoberry. For comparison, images showed different fat droplets in the different treatment groups (magnification × 100). a ND: rats fed a standard diet, b HF: rats fed a high-fat diet with distilled water, c ML, d MM and e MH: rats fed a high-fat diet with Maoberry extract at 0.38, 0.76 and 1.52 g/kg, respectively, f STAT: rats fed a high-fat diet with 10 mg/kg simvastatin. Arrows represent fat droplets. Panels enlarge the area of pathological alterations (magnifiacation × 400)

Fig. 3. Pathological changes in transverse-sections of cardiac tissues of rats after 12 weeks of treatment showing amounts of mononuclear cell infiltration in different treatments. a ND: a standard diet, b HF: a high-fat diet with distilled water, c ML, d MM and e MH: a high-fat diet with Maoberry extract at 0.38, 0.76 and 1.52 g/kg, respectively, f STAT: a high-fat diet with 10 mg/kg simvastatin. H&E staining (magnification× 100). Arrows represent mononuclear cell infiltration. Panels enlarge the area of pathological alterations (magnifiacation × 400)

Fig. 4. TNF-α, IL-6, VCAM-1, MCP-1, CD36 and eNOS mRNA levels from cardiac tissues of each groupby Real-time PCR detection. The expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, VCAM-1, MCP-1, CD36 and eNOS mRNA in HF group were significantly higher than those in the ND group. The expressions of IL-6, VCAM-1, MCP-1, and eNOS mRNA in Maoberrytreated groups were significantly lower than those in the HF group. Each bar represents the relative mean ± SD, n = 12 each. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.01 represent significant differences when compared with the ND group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001 represent significant differences when compared with the HF group. ND: a standard diet, HF: a high fat diet, ML, MM, MH: a high fat diet with Maoberry extract 0.38 or 0.76 or 1.52 g/kg, respectively, STAT: a high fat diet with simvastatin 10 mg/kg