Degree of overall turnout in the lower extremity involves not only hip external rotation but contributions from the knee, tibia, foot, and ankle as well. There are valid and reliable methods to measure isolated joint passive range of motion (PROM) within the field of orthopaedics. Specialized approaches to measuring turnout in a manner useful to dancers have begun to appear in the literature. This article will discuss these methods and a strategy for combining them to provide useful information for clinicians and dancers.
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Gayanne Grossman (2003) studied this question.
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