The spatial variation of soil properties with specific reference to their coefficient of variation (COV), and their effect on deep foundation designs, is discussed. The difficulties in developing strength factors (Φ) for lateral load response governed by multiple resistance variables are examined. Classical and current analytical and experimental state of the art is described. Influence of amended topsoils on shear and cohesion is also examined. Finally, suggestions for determining nominal strength factors and future extension are made.
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Kalaga et al. (2023) studied this question.
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