The broad spectrum of cardiotoxicities from immunotherapies

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  Figure 1. (reproduced with permission from 9). Cardiovascular surveillance in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; C, chemotherapy cycle; cTn, cardiac troponin; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CTRCD, cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction; CTR-CVT, cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity; CVRF, cardiovascular risk factors; ECG, electrocardiogram; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitors; M, months; NP, natriuretic peptides (including BNP and NT-proBNP); NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; AF, atrial fibrillation. aIncluding physical examination, BP, lipid profile, and HbA1c. bDual ICI, combination ICI-cardiotoxic therapy, ICI-related non-CV events, prior CTRCD or CVD. cEvery three cycles until completion of therapy to detect subclinical ICI-related CV toxicity. dIn patients who require long-term (>12 months) ICI treatment.