This review highlights the increasing incidence of cardiac device infections and summarizes current management strategies, emphasizing complete device removal, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and the critical role of nursing in prevention.
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Overview of CDI management informs nursing protocols; leaves open optimal strategies pending higher-level evidence.
Over the past decades, implantation of cardiac devices has increased dramatically not only in the United States (US) but worldwide. Despite the known benefits of cardiac devices and the greater ease in implantation, the incidence of cardiac device infection (CDI) is increasing. Cardiac device include permanent pacemaker (PPM), implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with or without ICD. This paper is to present an overview of the latest management of CDI including epidemiology, types of CDI, causative agents and risk factors. Diagnosis and treatment options for CDI will be reviewed. In addition, the role of nurses in the prevention of CDI will be discussed.
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Caboral‐Stevens et al. (2016) studied this question.
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