By means of the complete Mie equations, calculations have been made of the backscattering of 3.21-cm microwaves by ‘spongy’ ice spheres, that is, ice spheres composed of a homogeneous mixture of water and ice. It is found that as the percentage of water is increased the cross sections of spheres of diameter greater than about 3 cm decrease fairly rapidly. Calculations were also made of backscattering from spheres composed of an ice core with a spongy ice shell and of a spongy ice core with a solid ice shell. It is concluded that in order to explain the high values of radar reflectivities of hailstorms reported in the literature, spheres composed mostly of ice would be needed. It is doubtful that more than 25 per cent of the mass of the spheres is in the liquid state. Calculations of the absorption, scattering, and attenuation cross sections of spongy ice spheres are also presented.
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Battan et al. (1962) studied this question.
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