In Part 1 of this review the following principles of causation were considered: time order, specification of the study base, specificity, bias due to random misclassification, and bias due to systematic misclassification. 1 Part 2 continued with confounding, effect modification, and strength of association. 2 Part 3 concludes the consideration of causal principles and will discuss: 3a: Statistical stability 3b: Dose-and duration-response effects 3c: Internal consistency 3d:
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Samuel Shapiro (2008) studied this question.
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