A ballooning eigenmode equation, taking into account the presence of energetic particles i n a tokamak, is derived from the Vlasov equation. The numerical solution of this equation demonstrates that the finite-Larmor-radius effect of the energetic particles can have a strong stabilizing effect on ballooning modes. This result supports the observed lack of high-mode-number ballooning instabilities in ISX-B injection experiments.
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Tsang et al. (1981) studied this question.
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