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In organic solar cells (OSCs), the necessity of UV activation that comes with the use of ZnO- and TiOx-based electron extraction layers (EELs) can be avoided by using tin oxide (SnOx), which can be prepared at temperatures as low as 80 °C. In contrast to devices based on TiOx and ZnO, OSCs comprising SnOx as the EEL show well-behaved solar cell characteristics with a high fill factor (FF) and high efficiency, even without the UV spectral range of the AM1.5 solar spectrum.
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Trost et al. (2015) studied this question.
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