A practical approach to accurate fault location on extra high voltage teed feeders

The basis of an alternative approach for accurately locating faults on teed feeders is described. The technique developed uses fault voltages and currents at all three ends. The method is virtually independent of fault resistance and largely insensitive to variations in source impedance, teed and line configurations, including line untransposition. The basic theory of the technique is presented. It is extensively tested using simulated primary system voltage and current waveforms, which include the transducer/hardware errors encountered in practice. The performance clearly shows a high degree of accuracy.>