An explicit gauge-independent calculation of the bound-state Aharonov-Bohm effect is presented using the hydrodynamic formulation of quantum mechanics. It is pointed out that the Aharonov-Bohm effect is a genuine gauge-independent property of standard quantum mechanics. The statistics of the particle-vortex composites is also briefly mentioned.
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K. Wódkiewicz (1984) studied this question.
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