Precision Measurement of Electrical Characteristics of Quartz-Crystal Units

Extensive manufacture and use of quartz-crystal units for radio communication, instrumentation, control, and detection purposes was responsible for new investigations to improve all phases of piezoelectric units and devices. A small part of the total work included development of circuit arrangements and instruments for accurately measuring the electrical constants of crystal units. This paper describes precision methods of high-frequency radio measurements as used successfully on quartz-crystal units and applicable to other types of units having Q's and impedance ranges up to several million or higher.