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This study provides new insights into the behavior, fate, and remediation of trifluralin (TFL), a persistent herbicide, in contaminated river sediments. By focusing on bioavailability, desorption, biodegradation, and immobilization, we evaluated the potential of combined bioremediation strategies. Desorption experiments identified XAD-4 resin as the most effective extraction agent, while β-cyclodextrin showed limited efficacy due to solubility constraints. Kinetic modeling confirmed the presence of both fast and slow desorption phases. To reduce TFL bioavailability, sediment amendments with activated carbon (AC), biochar (BC), and compost (CO) were investigated. AC at a rate of 0.5% reduced TFL bioavailability from 67.1% to 95% extraction efficiency in 8 hours for accurate desorption assessment. Compost supported plant growth and enhanced phytoextraction potential. Phytotoxicity tests confirmed Zea mays as a resilient candidate for phytoremediation. Our findings suggest that integrating anaerobic biodegradation with carbon-rich amendments, particularly AC and BC, presents a promising in-situ remediation strategy. The application of compost offers a sustainable and locally available solution for pollutant sequestration, meriting further investigation for long-term and large-scale use.
Beljin et al. (Mon,) studied this question.